Principles of Archaeology
portes grátis
Principles of Archaeology
Price, T. Douglas
McGraw-Hill Education - Europe
08/2006
608
Mole
Inglês
9780072961485
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
PART I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY? ARCHAEOLOGY IS ... ARCHAEOLOGY IS NOT ... Example: The Piltdown Man Example: Erich von Daniken EVALUATING SCIENCE AND PSUEDOSCIENCE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD EVOLUTION EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM WHY STUDY ARCHAEOLOGY? CAREERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Survey Says ! A Day in the Life ! University Professor: Tina Thurston State Archaeologist: Maureen Kavanagh Museum Curator: Anne Underhill CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 2. DOING ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE LORDS OF THE MOCHE PERU AND THE MOCHE DISCOVERY EXCAVATION ANALYSIS Science in Archaeology: The Center for Materials Research in Archaeology & Ethnology INTERPRETATION Protecting the Past: Tourism and a New Museum in Lambayeque CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORY OF PREHISTORY PRE-1900 Example: Jefferson at Rivanna River 1900-1950 Example: Woolley at Ur Protecting the Past: The Ancient City of Ur 1950 -- 2000 Example: FAI 270 Archaeological Thinking: House Size and Population TODAY: THE FUTURE OF THE PAST CONCLUSIONS PART II. DISCOVERY CHAPTER 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ARCHAEOLOGY WHAT DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW? Environment Demography Example: The Black Earth Site Technology Economy Example: Jomon Japan Organization Ideology Archaeological Thinking: Ritual in Ancient Oaxaca ETHNOGRAPHY Example: Settlement Population and Floor Area ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY Example: Harrapan Beads EXPERIMENTAL ARCHEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD INTRODUCTION: INFORMATION FROM THE PAST SCALE CONTEXT Archaeological Thinking: The First Americans THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE Attributes Artifacts Ecofacts Features and Activity Areas Example: The Tomb of Qin Shihuang Assemblages and Components Sites Example: South African Rock Art Science in Archaeology: Dating the Paintings Regions and Landscapes Example: A Landscape of Mounds SPATIAL ARCHAEOLOGY Within Site Spatial Analysis: Activity Areas and Features Example: Activity Areas at Teotihuacan, Mexico Protecting the Past: The City of the Gods Within Site Spatial Analysis: Houses and Households Example: Household Archaeology at Agayadan Village, Alaska Site Analysis Regional Spatial Analysis SITE FORMATION PRESERVATION Example: Windover Pond, Florida Example: The Iceman Protecting the Past: A-tzi's New Home CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6. FIELDWORK. INTRODUCTION: FINDING THE PAST THE DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Archaeological Survey Archaeological Thinking: Reese River Valley Archaeological Excavation Selecting Sites for Excavation Test Pits Vertical Excavation Horizontal or Area Excavations Screening and Flotation Example: Great Hall at Lejre Underwater Archaeology THE TOOLS OF FIELDWORK Maps and Grids Contour Maps The Total Station Science in Archaeology: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Soil Sampling Remote Sensing Remote Sensing from Above Example: Chaco Roads Remote Sensing On the Ground Science in Archaeology: Georadar at Petra IN THE FIELD The Project Director The Field Crew The Field Experience Example: Life in the Field Fieldwork Opportunities Equipment CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: DISCOVERING SITES PART III. ANALYSIS CHAPTER 7. CLASSIFICATION AND DATA INTRODUCTION: SORTING, TYPES, AND NUMBERS CLEANING AND CATALOGING CONSERVATION Example: Lindow Man CLASSIFICATION Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery Classifying Artifacts Raw Material Technology Function and Style Temporal and Geographic Variation Archaeological Thinking: Styles of Gravestones Archaeological Thinking: Seriation DATA Numbers Basic Statistics Mean, Median, and Mode Range, Variance, Standard Deviation Normal Curve Chi-Square and Contingency Tables Visual Display of Information Stem and Leaf Plots Bar Graphs and Histograms Box and Whisker Plots Pie Charts Scatterplots CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: A ROOM IN THE PUEBLO CHAPTER 8. DATING INTRODUCTION: FRAMEWORKS FOR MEASURING TIME RELATIVE DATING METHODS Example: Pipestems RECKONING TIME ABSOLUTE DATING METHODS Dendrochronology Example: Pueblo Bonito Example: French Neolithic Lake Dwellings Radiocarbon Dating Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Dating Example: Shroud of Turin Science in Archaeology: Early Agriculture Calibration Radiopotassium Dating Example: Laetoli: Our First Steps Protecting the Past: The Laetoli Footprints Thermoluminescence Dating CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: DATING A SCYTHIAN TOMB CHAPTER 9. GEOARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: GEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY Example: Geomorphology and Homer's Troy STRATIGRAPHY Archaeological Thinking: The Harris Matrix MICROMORPHOLOGY Example: Keatley Creek Science in Archaeology: The Petrographic Microscope Science in Archaeology: The Chemistry of House Floors CATASTROPHE CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: ROMAN STRATIGRAPHY CHAPTER 10: LITHICS ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: STONE TOOLS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR FRACTURE MECHANICS AND RAW MATERIAL MAKING STONE TOOLS MAKING SENSE OF STONE TOOLS Typology Chaine Operatoire Archaeological Thinking: Stone Tools & Hunter-Gatherers in Western Nevada Refitting Archaeological Thinking: How Many Layers? Microwear Analysis Science in Archaeology: Stone Tools and Food Example: The Careful Flintknapper CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: STONE TOOLS AND THE AMERICAN BOTTOM CHAPTER 11. CERAMIC ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: PREHISTORIC POTTERY MAKING POTTERY Preparing the Paste Shaping the Vessel Decoration Firing STUDYING POTTERY Initial Sorting Attributes of Form and Function Science in Archaeology: What's Cooking? Attributes of Style Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery Provenience Studies Ceramic Petrography Example: Icehouse Bottom Ceramic Composition Science in Archaeology: Salado Polychrome CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: MEAN CERAMIC DATING CHAPTER 12. ARCHAEOZOOLOGY INTRODUCTION: ANIMALS REMAINS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND COUNTS Example: Extinction Is Forever AGE AND SEX Archaeological Thinking: Animal Domestication In Southwest Asia SEASONALITY Example: Star Carr, England Science in Archaeology: Seasonality In The Preneolithic TAPHONOMY BUTCHERY Example: Cut Marks And Early Humans Example: Gold Rush Menus SECONDARY PRODUCTS WORKED BONE SHELLS AND SHELLFISH CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: SITE SEASONALITY CHAPTER 13. ARCHAEOBOTANY INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANTS MACROBOTANICAL REMAINS Flotation Sorting and Identification Example: Incinerator Site Protecting The Past: Sunwatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park Origins of Agriculture Archaeological Thinking: Domesticating Plants Example: Abu Hureyra Wood and Charcoal Identification Science in Archaeology: The Scanning Electron Microscope Example: Charcoal from Thera MICROBOTANICAL REMAINS Palynology Example: The Elm Decline CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 14. BIOARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE SKELETAL EVIDENCE FIELD RECORDING PREPARATION AND SORTING IDENTIFICATION Example: Cannibalism SEX, AGE, AND STATURE Archaeological Thinking: Maya Stature STRESS, DISEASE, AND TRAUMA Example: Abu Hureyra Example: Raising the Dead: The Mary Rose Protecting the Past: The Mary Rose Today GENETIC INFORMATION Modern DNA Ancient DNA Science in Archaeology: Neanderthal Genealogy Ancient DNA MORTUARY ANALYSIS Example: LBK Cemetery at Nitra Example: Roy Mata Example: Moundville Protecting the Past: Moundville Archaeological Park CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: MORTUARY ANALYSIS CHAPTER 15. ARCHAEOMETRY INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) Science in Archaeology: Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry ELEMENTAL ANALYSES Example: Obsidian Sources and Trade in the Ancient Near East Ceramic Analysis Anthropogenic Sediments Example: El Coyote ISOTOPIC ANALYSES Bone Chemistry and Prehistoric Diet Archaeological Thinking: Climate, Isotopes, and People Human Provenience and Migration Example: The First King of Copan ORGANIC RESIDUES IN ARCHAEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: BONE CHEMISTRY PART IV. INTERPRETATION CHAPTER 16. EXPLANATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING THE PAST SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Processual Archaeology Example: A Crossroads Of Barrows Archaeological Thinking: Mounds in Denmark Example: The Collapse Of Maya Civilization Archaeological Thinking: The End of the Maya Post-Processual Archaeology Example: The Rock Art Of Namforsen, Sweden Archaeological Thinking: Text on Stone Evolution and Archaeology Selectionist Archaeology Example: Horses and Snowmobiles Archaeological Thinking: Pots as Tools Evolutionary Ecology Example: The Emeryville Shellmound, California Archaeological Thinking: Optimal Species Gender Archaeology Example: Aztec Women and State Economy Archaeological Thinking: Gender and Government in Ancient Mexico NEW DIRECTIONS CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 17. RESPONSIBLITIES INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY THE RELEVANCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Raised Fields of Tiwanaku THE PAST AS HERITAGE Example: UNESCO World Heritage Protecting the Past: Abu Simbel Example: The Archaeological Conservancy WHO OWNS THE PAST? Example: Kennewick Man ETHICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Donnan and Sipan Example: The Ypres Battlefield TEACHING ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Interest Groups in the Classroom THE RESPONSIBLE ARCHAEOLOGIST CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: ETHICAL QUESTIONS APPENDIX 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUMAN PAST INTRODUCTION: WORLD PREHISTORY GEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME AFRICA, ASIA, AND EUROPE Deep Roots in Africa Out of Africa Neanderthal The Creative Explosion The Origins of Agriculture States and Empires THE AMERICAS The First Americans Farming Villages States and Empires THE PACIFIC HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 2: COMMON MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS AND EQUIVALENTS CREDITS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
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PART I. INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1. AN INTRODUCTION TO ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: WHAT IS ARCHAEOLOGY? ARCHAEOLOGY IS ... ARCHAEOLOGY IS NOT ... Example: The Piltdown Man Example: Erich von Daniken EVALUATING SCIENCE AND PSUEDOSCIENCE THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD EVOLUTION EVOLUTION AND CREATIONISM WHY STUDY ARCHAEOLOGY? CAREERS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Survey Says ! A Day in the Life ! University Professor: Tina Thurston State Archaeologist: Maureen Kavanagh Museum Curator: Anne Underhill CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 2. DOING ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE LORDS OF THE MOCHE PERU AND THE MOCHE DISCOVERY EXCAVATION ANALYSIS Science in Archaeology: The Center for Materials Research in Archaeology & Ethnology INTERPRETATION Protecting the Past: Tourism and a New Museum in Lambayeque CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 3. A BRIEF HISTORY OF ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE HISTORY OF PREHISTORY PRE-1900 Example: Jefferson at Rivanna River 1900-1950 Example: Woolley at Ur Protecting the Past: The Ancient City of Ur 1950 -- 2000 Example: FAI 270 Archaeological Thinking: House Size and Population TODAY: THE FUTURE OF THE PAST CONCLUSIONS PART II. DISCOVERY CHAPTER 4. ARCHAEOLOGICAL QUESTIONS INTRODUCTION: THE SUBJECT MATTER OF ARCHAEOLOGY WHAT DO ARCHAEOLOGISTS WANT TO KNOW? Environment Demography Example: The Black Earth Site Technology Economy Example: Jomon Japan Organization Ideology Archaeological Thinking: Ritual in Ancient Oaxaca ETHNOGRAPHY Example: Settlement Population and Floor Area ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY Example: Harrapan Beads EXPERIMENTAL ARCHEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 5. THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL RECORD INTRODUCTION: INFORMATION FROM THE PAST SCALE CONTEXT Archaeological Thinking: The First Americans THE NATURE OF THE EVIDENCE Attributes Artifacts Ecofacts Features and Activity Areas Example: The Tomb of Qin Shihuang Assemblages and Components Sites Example: South African Rock Art Science in Archaeology: Dating the Paintings Regions and Landscapes Example: A Landscape of Mounds SPATIAL ARCHAEOLOGY Within Site Spatial Analysis: Activity Areas and Features Example: Activity Areas at Teotihuacan, Mexico Protecting the Past: The City of the Gods Within Site Spatial Analysis: Houses and Households Example: Household Archaeology at Agayadan Village, Alaska Site Analysis Regional Spatial Analysis SITE FORMATION PRESERVATION Example: Windover Pond, Florida Example: The Iceman Protecting the Past: A-tzi's New Home CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 6. FIELDWORK. INTRODUCTION: FINDING THE PAST THE DISCOVERY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES Archaeological Survey Archaeological Thinking: Reese River Valley Archaeological Excavation Selecting Sites for Excavation Test Pits Vertical Excavation Horizontal or Area Excavations Screening and Flotation Example: Great Hall at Lejre Underwater Archaeology THE TOOLS OF FIELDWORK Maps and Grids Contour Maps The Total Station Science in Archaeology: Global Positioning Systems (GPS) Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Soil Sampling Remote Sensing Remote Sensing from Above Example: Chaco Roads Remote Sensing On the Ground Science in Archaeology: Georadar at Petra IN THE FIELD The Project Director The Field Crew The Field Experience Example: Life in the Field Fieldwork Opportunities Equipment CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: DISCOVERING SITES PART III. ANALYSIS CHAPTER 7. CLASSIFICATION AND DATA INTRODUCTION: SORTING, TYPES, AND NUMBERS CLEANING AND CATALOGING CONSERVATION Example: Lindow Man CLASSIFICATION Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery Classifying Artifacts Raw Material Technology Function and Style Temporal and Geographic Variation Archaeological Thinking: Styles of Gravestones Archaeological Thinking: Seriation DATA Numbers Basic Statistics Mean, Median, and Mode Range, Variance, Standard Deviation Normal Curve Chi-Square and Contingency Tables Visual Display of Information Stem and Leaf Plots Bar Graphs and Histograms Box and Whisker Plots Pie Charts Scatterplots CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: A ROOM IN THE PUEBLO CHAPTER 8. DATING INTRODUCTION: FRAMEWORKS FOR MEASURING TIME RELATIVE DATING METHODS Example: Pipestems RECKONING TIME ABSOLUTE DATING METHODS Dendrochronology Example: Pueblo Bonito Example: French Neolithic Lake Dwellings Radiocarbon Dating Accelerator Mass Spectrometer (AMS) Dating Example: Shroud of Turin Science in Archaeology: Early Agriculture Calibration Radiopotassium Dating Example: Laetoli: Our First Steps Protecting the Past: The Laetoli Footprints Thermoluminescence Dating CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: DATING A SCYTHIAN TOMB CHAPTER 9. GEOARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: GEOLOGY AND ARCHAEOLOGY GEOMORPHOLOGY Example: Geomorphology and Homer's Troy STRATIGRAPHY Archaeological Thinking: The Harris Matrix MICROMORPHOLOGY Example: Keatley Creek Science in Archaeology: The Petrographic Microscope Science in Archaeology: The Chemistry of House Floors CATASTROPHE CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: ROMAN STRATIGRAPHY CHAPTER 10: LITHICS ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: STONE TOOLS AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR FRACTURE MECHANICS AND RAW MATERIAL MAKING STONE TOOLS MAKING SENSE OF STONE TOOLS Typology Chaine Operatoire Archaeological Thinking: Stone Tools & Hunter-Gatherers in Western Nevada Refitting Archaeological Thinking: How Many Layers? Microwear Analysis Science in Archaeology: Stone Tools and Food Example: The Careful Flintknapper CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: STONE TOOLS AND THE AMERICAN BOTTOM CHAPTER 11. CERAMIC ANALYSIS INTRODUCTION: PREHISTORIC POTTERY MAKING POTTERY Preparing the Paste Shaping the Vessel Decoration Firing STUDYING POTTERY Initial Sorting Attributes of Form and Function Science in Archaeology: What's Cooking? Attributes of Style Archaeological Thinking: Iroquois Pottery Provenience Studies Ceramic Petrography Example: Icehouse Bottom Ceramic Composition Science in Archaeology: Salado Polychrome CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: MEAN CERAMIC DATING CHAPTER 12. ARCHAEOZOOLOGY INTRODUCTION: ANIMALS REMAINS AND ARCHAEOLOGY IDENTIFICATION AND COUNTS Example: Extinction Is Forever AGE AND SEX Archaeological Thinking: Animal Domestication In Southwest Asia SEASONALITY Example: Star Carr, England Science in Archaeology: Seasonality In The Preneolithic TAPHONOMY BUTCHERY Example: Cut Marks And Early Humans Example: Gold Rush Menus SECONDARY PRODUCTS WORKED BONE SHELLS AND SHELLFISH CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: SITE SEASONALITY CHAPTER 13. ARCHAEOBOTANY INTRODUCTION: THE STUDY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL PLANTS MACROBOTANICAL REMAINS Flotation Sorting and Identification Example: Incinerator Site Protecting The Past: Sunwatch Indian Village/Archaeological Park Origins of Agriculture Archaeological Thinking: Domesticating Plants Example: Abu Hureyra Wood and Charcoal Identification Science in Archaeology: The Scanning Electron Microscope Example: Charcoal from Thera MICROBOTANICAL REMAINS Palynology Example: The Elm Decline CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: THE ORIGINS OF AGRICULTURE CHAPTER 14. BIOARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: THE SKELETAL EVIDENCE FIELD RECORDING PREPARATION AND SORTING IDENTIFICATION Example: Cannibalism SEX, AGE, AND STATURE Archaeological Thinking: Maya Stature STRESS, DISEASE, AND TRAUMA Example: Abu Hureyra Example: Raising the Dead: The Mary Rose Protecting the Past: The Mary Rose Today GENETIC INFORMATION Modern DNA Ancient DNA Science in Archaeology: Neanderthal Genealogy Ancient DNA MORTUARY ANALYSIS Example: LBK Cemetery at Nitra Example: Roy Mata Example: Moundville Protecting the Past: Moundville Archaeological Park CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: MORTUARY ANALYSIS CHAPTER 15. ARCHAEOMETRY INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY IN THE LABORATORY INSTRUMENTATION Neutron Activation Analysis (NAA) Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) X-ray Diffraction (XRD) Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer (GC/MS) Science in Archaeology: Laboratory for Archaeological Chemistry ELEMENTAL ANALYSES Example: Obsidian Sources and Trade in the Ancient Near East Ceramic Analysis Anthropogenic Sediments Example: El Coyote ISOTOPIC ANALYSES Bone Chemistry and Prehistoric Diet Archaeological Thinking: Climate, Isotopes, and People Human Provenience and Migration Example: The First King of Copan ORGANIC RESIDUES IN ARCHAEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: BONE CHEMISTRY PART IV. INTERPRETATION CHAPTER 16. EXPLANATION IN ARCHAEOLOGY INTRODUCTION: INTERPRETING THE PAST SCHOOLS OF THOUGHT Processual Archaeology Example: A Crossroads Of Barrows Archaeological Thinking: Mounds in Denmark Example: The Collapse Of Maya Civilization Archaeological Thinking: The End of the Maya Post-Processual Archaeology Example: The Rock Art Of Namforsen, Sweden Archaeological Thinking: Text on Stone Evolution and Archaeology Selectionist Archaeology Example: Horses and Snowmobiles Archaeological Thinking: Pots as Tools Evolutionary Ecology Example: The Emeryville Shellmound, California Archaeological Thinking: Optimal Species Gender Archaeology Example: Aztec Women and State Economy Archaeological Thinking: Gender and Government in Ancient Mexico NEW DIRECTIONS CONCLUSIONS CHAPTER 17. RESPONSIBLITIES INTRODUCTION: ARCHAEOLOGY TODAY THE RELEVANCE OF ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Raised Fields of Tiwanaku THE PAST AS HERITAGE Example: UNESCO World Heritage Protecting the Past: Abu Simbel Example: The Archaeological Conservancy WHO OWNS THE PAST? Example: Kennewick Man ETHICS IN ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Donnan and Sipan Example: The Ypres Battlefield TEACHING ARCHAEOLOGY Example: Interest Groups in the Classroom THE RESPONSIBLE ARCHAEOLOGIST CONCLUSIONS PROJECT: ETHICAL QUESTIONS APPENDIX 1: A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE HUMAN PAST INTRODUCTION: WORLD PREHISTORY GEOLOGICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL TIME AFRICA, ASIA, AND EUROPE Deep Roots in Africa Out of Africa Neanderthal The Creative Explosion The Origins of Agriculture States and Empires THE AMERICAS The First Americans Farming Villages States and Empires THE PACIFIC HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY CONCLUSIONS APPENDIX 2: COMMON MEASUREMENT CONVERSIONS AND EQUIVALENTS CREDITS BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX
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