Elementary Statistics: A Step By Step Approach

1 The Nature of Probability and Statistics1.1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1.2 Variables and Types of Data 1.3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1.4 Observational and Experimental Studies 1.5 Uses and Misuses of Statistics 1.6 Computers and Calculators 2 Frequency Distributions and Graphs2.1 Organizing Data 2.2 Histograms, Frequency Polygons,and Ogives 2.3 Other Types of Graphs 3 Data Description3.1 Measures of CentralTendency 3.2 Measures of Variation 3.3 Measures of Position 3.4 Exploratory Data Analysis 4 Probability and Counting Rules4.1 Exploratory Data Analysis 4.2 The Addition Rules for Probability 4.3 The Multiplication Rules and ConditionalProbability 4.4 Counting Rules 4.5 Probability and Counting Rules 5 Discrete Probability Distributions5.1 Probability Distributions 5.2 Mean, Variance, Standard Deviation,and Expectation 5.3 The Binomial Distribution 5.4 Other Types of Distributions (Optional) 6 The Normal Distribution6.1 Normal Distributions 6.2 Applications of the NormalDistribution 6.3 The Central Limit Theorem 6.4 The Normal Approximation to the BinomialDistribution 7 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size7.1 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When Is Known 7.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean When Is Unknown 7.3 Confidence Intervals and Sample Size for Proportions 7.4 Confidence Intervals for Variances and Standard Deviations 8 Hypothesis Testing8.1 Steps in Hypothesis Testing-Traditional Method 8.2 z Test for a Mean 8.3 t Test for a Mean 8.4 z Test for a Proportion 8.5 2 Test for a Variance or Standard Deviation 8.6 Additional Topics Regarding Hypothesis Testing 9 Testing the Difference Between Two Means, Two Variances, and Two Proportions9.1 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Using the z Test 9.2 Testing the Difference Between Two Means of Independent Samples: Using the t Test 9.3 Testing the Difference Between Two Means: Dependent Samples 9.4 Testing the Difference Between Proportions9.5 Testing the Difference Between Two Variances 10 Correlation and Regression10.1 Scatter Plots and Correlation 10.2 Regression 10.3 Coefficient of Determination and Standard Error of the Estimate 10.4 Multiple Regression (Optional) 11 Other Chi-Square Tests11.1 Test for Goodness of Fit 11.2 Tests Using Contingency Tables 12 Analysis of Variance12.1 One-Way Analysis of Variance 12.2 The Scheffe Test and the Tukey Test 12.3 Two-Way Analysis of Variance 13 Nonparametric Statistics13.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nonparametric Methods 13.2 The Sign Test 13.3 The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test 13.4 The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test 13.5 The Kruskal-Wallis Test 13.6 The Spearman Rank Correlation Coefficient and the Runs Test 14 Sampling and Simulation14.1 Common Sampling Techniques 14.2 Surveys and Questionnaire Design 14.3 Simulation Techniques and the Monte Carlo Method AppendicesAppendix A: Tables Appendix B: Data Bank Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Photos Credits Appendix E: Selected Answers Additional Topics OnlneAlgebra Review Writing the Research Report Bayes' Theorem Alternate Approach to the Standard Normal Distribution Bibliography

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• Probabilidade e Estatística